Beyond the uncanny valley

"In the 1970s, Japanese robotics expert Masahiro Mori published an article that coined and theorized the idea of the "uncanny valley" as a measurable correlation between the human likeness of a machine and people's comfort level with its presence. Criticized as flawed from the moment of its appearance and eventually debunked by empirical studies, Mori's original mapping of the "uncanny valley" may have no scientific grounding, but the term still endures as an apt metaphor for a technologically induced terrain of philosophical, biological, and social uncertainty. With the development of major technologies from the atom bomb to the digital computer and the emergence of cybernetics and artificial intelligence as academic disciplines since the Second World War, this terrain is no longer the sole purview of life-like automatons or robots but is increasingly occupied by developments in machine intelligence, biodigital mergence, and related issues of cloning and other forms of genetic manipulation that have reshaped the debate around the liminality of humanity. As the construction and definitions of subjectives and societies are increasingly organized and shaped by technological events that imitate or improve upon-even if only partially-fundamental functions of our bodies and minds, the question of what it means to be or remain human has been reopened for debate"--