Democratic Self Defense Against Disinformation Operations

This paper looks beyond the political context and focuses on potential methods and tools--by governments, civil society, and private businesses--for resisting disinformation operations and getting ahead of the threat by building democratic resilience. As such, it is a "menu of options," many of which still need to be tested, rather than a strategy. The policy recommendations presented are also not the only possible solutions; there is more than one way to approach the problems; institutional solutions should develop organically; and we should remain exible and agile as we test new ideas